Assessment of palmitic acid toxicity to animal hearts and other major organs based on acute toxicity, network pharmacology, and molecular docking

Palmitic acid is a common ingredient in many foods and traditional Chinese medicines. However, modern pharmacological experiments have shown that palmitic acid has toxic side effects. It can damage glomeruli, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes, as well as promote the growth of lung cancer cells. Despite this, there are few reports evaluating the safety of palmitic acid through animal experiments, and the mechanism of palmitic acid toxicity remains unclear. Clarifying the adverse reactions and mechanisms of palmitic acid in animal hearts and other major organs is of great significance for ensuring the safety of clinical application. Therefore, this study records an acute toxicity experiment on palmitic acid in a mouse model, and the observation of pathological changes in the heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys. It is found that palmitic acid had toxic and side effects on animal heart. Then the key targets of palmitic acid in regulating cardiac toxicity were screened using network pharmacology, and a "component-target-cardiotoxicity" network diagram and PPI network were constructed. The mechanisms regulating cardiotoxicity were explored using KEGG signal pathway and GO biological process enrichment analyses. Molecular docking models were used for verification. The results showed that the maximum dose of palmitic acid had low toxicity in the hearts of mice. The mechanism of cardiotoxicity of palmitic acid involves multiple targets, biological processes, and signaling pathways. Palmitic acid can induce steatosis in hepatocytes, and regulate cancer cells. This study preliminarily evaluated the safety of palmitic acid and provided a scientific basis for its safe application.