Harnessing 3D Printing and Electrospinning for Multiscale Hybrid Patches Mimicking the Native Myocardium

Engineered cardiac tissues show potential for regenerative therapy in ischemic heart disease. Yet, selection of soft biomaterials for scaffold manufacturing is primarily influenced by empirical and compositional factors, raising concerns about arrhythmic risks due to poor electrophysiological integration. Addressing this, we developed multiscale hybrid myocardial patches mimicking native myocardium's structural and biomechanical attributes, utilizing 3D printing and electrospinning techniques. We compared three patch types: pure silicone and silicone-poly(lactic-