Managing End-of-Life Photovoltaics: A Tripartite Approach of Technology, Economics, and Politics

Abstract This paper focuses on the challenges on managing end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) waste. This paper starts off by providing a comprehensive overview of solar PV panels, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film technologies. The exploration includes a discussion of their characteristics, manufacturing processes, and energy-material intensity. Additionally, the study outlines general PV recycling processes. It also summarizes the technologies that have been applied commercially for recycling crystalline silicon and thin-film PV. In the economics perspective, the paper discusses the PV recycling profitability in global and in U.S. markets. It also lists positive and negative policies impacting PV recycling. In the face of the recycling challenges, the paper underscores the critical need for collaborative efforts. Therefore, technology developers, economists, and policymakers should work collaboratively for advancing PV recycling industry.