Structural and Functional Designs of Advanced Neural Electrodes

Neural electrodes are essential tools for recording and modulating neural activity, particularly in scenarios that require long-term monitoring or complex clinical interventions. This Review highlights recent advances in the structural and functional design of next-generation neural interfaces. We explore the core design principles and emerging trends, focusing on four key strategies: high density, bionic design, adaptive design, and multimodal signal coupling. These innovations are propelling neural electrodes toward more biologically compatible, responsive, and integrated systems, thereby enhancing their potential in clinical therapy and neuroscience investigation.