PVP-modified spindle-shaped MIL-88B(Fe) to enhance the degradation of tetracycline by activated peroxodisulfate: A comparative study and mechanistic investigation

Various morphologies of MIL-88B(Fe) catalysts were successfully synthesized by adjusting the precursor solution volume and adding NaOH or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a surfactant. Among them, M88B–S grown with PVP as a structure-directing agent exhibited the best performance in activating peroxodisulfate (PDS) for tetracycline (TC) degradation. Characterization results showed that PVP not only increased the abundance of the (101) facet of M88B–S but also facilitated the rapid transfer of surface photo-generated electrons. Quenching experiments demonstrated that the synergistic of ·OH and ·O2− promoted the degradation of TC.