Mask refinement network for tooth segmentation on panoramic radiographs

Abstract Objectives Instance-level tooth segmentation extracts abundant localization and shape information from panoramic radiographs (PRs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a mask refinement network that extracts precise tooth edges. Methods A public dataset which consists of 543 PRs and 16211 labelled teeth was utilized. The structure of a typical Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask RCNN) was used as the baseline. A novel loss function was designed focus on producing accurate mask edges. In addition to our proposed method, 3 existing tooth segmentation methods were also implemented on the dataset for comparative analysis. The average precisions (APs), mean intersection over union (mIoU), and mean Hausdorff distance (mHAU) were exploited to evaluate the performance of the network. Results A novel mask refinement region-based convolutional neural network was designed based on Mask RCNN architecture to extract refined masks for individual tooth on PRs. A total of 3311 teeth were correctly detected from 3382 tested teeth in 111 PRs. The AP, precision, and recall were 0.686, 0.979, and 0.952, respectively. Moreover, the mIoU and mHAU achieved 0.941 and 9.7, respectively, which are significantly better than the other existing segmentation methods. Conclusions This study proposed an efficient deep learning algorithm for accurately extracting the mask of any individual tooth from PRs. Precise tooth masks can provide valuable reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. This algorithm is a fundamental basis for further automated processing applications.