异种移植
内源性逆转录病毒
生物
病毒学
经济短缺
移植
清脆的
基因组编辑
传输(电信)
基因组
免疫学
医学
遗传学
基因
内科学
语言学
哲学
电气工程
政府(语言学)
工程类
摘要
Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues or organs is under development to alleviate the shortage of human donor organs. Meanwhile remarkably long survival times of pig organs in non-human primates were reported as well as the functionality of pig kidneys and hearts in brain-dead humans. Most importantly, two transplantations of pig hearts in patients were performed with survival times of the patients of 8 and 6 weeks. Xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of porcine microorganisms including viruses to the recipient. Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of all pigs and cannot be eliminated like other viruses can. PERVs are able to infect certain human cells and pose therefore a risk for xenotransplantation. It is well known that retroviruses are able to induce tumors and immunodeficiencies. However, until now, PERV was not transmitted in all infection experiments using small animals and non-human primates, in all preclinical xenotransplantation trials in non-human primates and in all clinical trials in humans. In addition, several strategies including antiretrovirals, PERV-specific siRNA, vaccines and genome editing using CRISPR/Cas have been developed to prevent PERV transmission.
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