Double-Layer Nucleoside-Microneedles Co-Delivering Dexamethasone Vesicles and Adenosine Overcome Pseudomembrane Barriers for the Treatment of Oral Ulcer

experiments confirmed that the microneedle reduced the ulcer area to 6.3% after 9 days of treatment (a 69.3% reduction compared to commercial formulations), with significant analgesic effects. This multiscale engineering approach addresses key challenges in oral drug retention, pseudomembrane penetration, and healing regulation, offering a paradigm for the treatment of mucosal diseases.