Preparation and Characterization of Mg-Based Biomaterials with Bioactive Surfaces Functionalized with EU/Gd NPs for Bone Tissue Regeneration Obtained via PEO Process

This study aimed to develop a novel type of biodegradable magnesium (Mg)-based implant with enhanced biological activity through surface modification using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) combined with the incorporation of rare earth ions (Eu and Gd). Magnesium is recognized for its lightweight nature, biocompatibility, and bone-like mechanical properties, making it a promising alternative to titanium implants. Unlike titanium, Mg-based biomaterials can be safely used in pediatric surgery due to their ability to degrade naturally within the body. However, pure magnesium is highly reactive in physiological fluids, necessitating surface modifications to mitigate biocorrosion prior to clinical application. To address this challenge, the PEO process was employed, resulting in surface passivation and the formation of a protective coating. Experimental evaluations demonstrated reduced biodegradation rates and magnesium ion release, confirming the beneficial role of rare earth elements in decreasing reactivity. Wettability tests indicated high hydrophilicity, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed appropriate surface morphology and element deposition conducive to bone regeneration. Electrochemical analyses further validated the protective efficacy of the magnesium oxide layers enhanced with rare earth ions. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity tests on the MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line confirmed the biocompatibility of the modified magnesium implants. Overall, this study highlights the potential of Mg-based biomaterials, modified through PEO and rare earth ion incorporation, for use in medical implants.