The novel peptide DR4penA attenuates the bleomycin‐ and paraquat‐induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF), which is caused by continuous alveolar epithelial cell injury and abnormal repair, is referred to as a difficult disease of the lung system by the World Health Organization due to its rapid progression, poor prognosis, and high mortality rate. However, there is still a lack of ideal therapeutic strategies. The peptide DR8 (DHNNPQIR-NH2 ), which is derived from rapeseed, exerted antifibrotic activity in the lung, liver, and kidney in our previous studies. By studying the structure-activity relationship and rational design, we introduced an unnatural hydrophobic amino acid (α-(4-pentenyl)-Ala) into DR8 and screened the novel peptide DR4penA (DHNα-(4-pentenyl)-APQIR-NH2 ), which had higher anti-PF activity, higher antioxidant activity and a longer half-life than DR8. Notably, DR4penA attenuated bleomycin- and paraquat-induced PF, and the anti-PF activity of DR4penA was equivalent to that of pirfenidone. Additionally, DR4penA suppressed the TGF-β/Smad pathway in TGF-β1-induced A549 cells and paraquat-induced rats. This study demonstrates that the novel peptide DR4penA is a potential candidate compound for PF therapy, and its antifibrotic activity in different preclinical models of PF provides a theoretical basis for further study.