Nanocarrier-based delivery of arsenic trioxide for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a severe threat to human health and economic development. Despite many attempts at HCC treatment, most are inevitably affected by the genetic instability and variability of tumor cells. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has shown to be effective in HCC. However, time-consuming challenges, especially the optimal concentration in tumor tissue and bioavailability of ATO, remain to be overcome for its transition from the bench to the bedside. To bypass these issues, nanotechnology-based delivery systems have been developed for prevention, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment in recent years. This article is a systematic overview of the latest contributions and detailed insights into ATO-loaded nanocarriers, with particular attention paid to strategies for improving the efficacy of nanocarriers of ATO.Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide; it is highly aggressive, has a poor prognosis and is often diagnosed late in the disease course. Arsenic trioxide (ATO), an established agent for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, has shown powerful therapeutic potential in the treatment of HCC. However, its narrow therapeutic window and severe toxicity, as well as resistance to ATO, limit its application for HCC treatment. Nanocarriers have been employed to deliver ATO to achieve effective therapeutic outcomes in HCC. This review describes the application of various nanocarrier-based delivery systems for ATO to enhance the effectiveness of tumor therapy and reduce its side effects, thus making it a promising therapeutic strategy for in HCC.