Novel CAC Dispersion and Density Score to Predict Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Mortality

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery calcification (CAC) provides robust prediction for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), but current techniques disregard plaque distribution and protective effects of high CAC density. We investigated whether a novel CAC-dispersion and density (CAC-DAD) score will exhibit superior prognostic value compared with the Agatston score (AS) for MACE prediction. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional study of 961 patients (median age, 67 years; 61% men) who underwent cardiac computed tomography for cardiovascular or perioperative risk assessment. Blinded analyzers applied deep learning algorithms to noncontrast scans to calculate the CAC-DAD score, which adjusts for the spatial distribution of CAC and assigns a protective weight factor for lesions with ≥1000 Hounsfield units. Associations were assessed using frailty regression. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 30 (30–460) days, 61 patients experienced MACE (nonfatal myocardial infarction or cardiovascular mortality). An elevated CAC-DAD score (≥2050 based on optimal cutoff) captured more MACE than AS ≥400 (74% versus 57%; P =0.002). Univariable analysis revealed that an elevated CAC-DAD score, AS ≥400 and AS ≥100, age, diabetes, hypertension, and statin use predicted MACE. On multivariable analysis, only the CAC-DAD score (hazard ratio, 2.57 [95% CI, 1.43–4.61]; P =0.002), age, statins, and diabetes remained significant. The inclusion of the CAC-DAD score in a predictive model containing demographic factors and AS improved the C statistic from 0.61 to 0.66 ( P =0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The fully automated CAC-DAD score improves MACE prediction compared with the AS. Patients with a high CAC-DAD score, including those with a low AS, may be at higher risk and warrant intensification of their preventative therapies.