A review of casein phosphopeptides: From enrichment identification to biological properties

Casein has attracted considerable research attention as an important peptide precursor that affects human health. Casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) are the main bioactive components of hydrolysed casein, which are used in food and pharmaceutical applications because of their good functional properties. In this study, the effects of phosphorylation sites on the structure and properties of various CPPs were determined by exploring the main methods for CPP identification and enrichment. In addition, different bioactive effects of CPPs were summarised, including mineral ion chelation, antioxidant activities, anti-osteoporosis, immunomodulation, antimicrobial characteristics, and prevention of oral diseases. The aim of this review was to characterise the application potential of CPPs in the field of nutraceuticals by elucidating their biofunctions.