Unravelling the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and trabecular bone score in U.S. adults

Trabecular bone score and vitamin D 1To date, the gold standard in the diagnosis of osteoporosis is the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) through central dual -energy X -ray absorptiometry (DXA). 4However, BMD only provides information on bone quantity, with no data regarding bone quality.A considerable overlap in BMD values exists between individuals who develop fractures and those who do not. 5This indicates that BMD sensitivity to predict fractures is low.For example, based on BMD, patients with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of fracture than nondiabetic individuals. 6Thus, factors other than bone mass influence the bone strength and fracture risk.In addition to DXA, radiofrequency echographic multispectrometry (REMS) is another tool that INTROduCTION Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder that leads to bone fragility and an increased risk of low -energy fractures.In the 21st century, approximately 36% to 53% of women and 19% to 36% of men over the age of 50 years have osteopenia at the femur neck or lumbar spine, whereas 10% to 17% of women and 3% to 5% of men have osteoporosis at these sites. 1 Annually, more than 2 million Americans experience low--trauma fractures, which generates a cost of nearly USD 13.7-20.3billion. 2 Furthermore, previous studies demonstrated that a high risk of osteoporotic fractures constitutes a significant disease burden to the society, and it may increase markedly in the future.