Enhancing osteogenic properties with gelatin/chitosan hydrogel encapsulating lithium-coated titanium oxide hollow sphere particles loaded with quercetin

Metallic oxides especially lithium and titanium oxides are well known for their osteogenic properties. When combined in the right proportions, metallic oxides can have an even greater impact. However, releasing ions from oxides can lead to oxidative stress, which is harmful to cell growth. By reducing oxidative stress, we can enhance these ions' therapeutic and bone-forming properties. In our study, we have developed a novel combination of titanium oxide coated with lithium oxide to release ions simultaneously. We engineered hollow sphere titanium oxide particles to carry quercetin (QC), a natural antioxidant. These particles were then incorporated into a gelatin/chitosan-based hydrogel, which was further functionalized with carbon nanotubes which induced conductivity and improved mechanical properties. In drug release experiments, we found that QC was released steadily from the hydrogel, in contrast to a control group where the drug was mixed in with hydrogel indicating the significance of a secondary carrier. Additionally, our cytotoxicity tests demonstrated the importance of delivering QC alongside lithium (Li) and titanium ions, as this combination reduced toxicity and enhanced bone-forming activity. Finally, our study showed that the hydrogel containing drug-loaded hollow sphere particles could promote bone formation, as evidenced by osteogenic differentiation studies. This innovative approach holds promise for improving non-load-bearing bone regeneration therapies in the future.