The 5-factor modified frailty index as a prognostic factor for stereotactic radiosurgery in meningioma management

Abstract Purpose Meningiomas are the most frequent primary intracranial malignancy. While surgical resection can confer long term tumor control, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is often used for small, asymptomatic tumors in the adjuvant setting. Frailty has been associated with increased rates of peri-operative morbidity but has yet to be defined in the setting of SRS for meningiomas. We therefore sought to examine the relationship between frailty and clinical/radiographic outcomes of patients with meningiomas who have undergone SRS. Methods A single-center, retrospective cohort study classified patients by their 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) score into pre-frail (0–1) and frail (2–5) at the time of SRS treatment. Evaluations of overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS), local control (LC), and distant control (DC) were performed using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to further define factors associated with OS/PFS. Results 94 patients met inclusion criteria and underwent SRS for meningioma treatment from 2019 to 2023. Analyses compared prefrail (0–1) and frail (2–5) individuals. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated a near significant association between frailty and OS (HR 3.66, 95% CI 0.49–26.8 p = 0.05) with 3-year OS rates of 75.4% in the pre-frail versus 36.6% in the frail group. However, a significant relationship was demonstrated between frailty and PFS (HR: 2.95 95% CI 1.12–7.81, p = 0.02) with 3-year PFS rates of 90.5% in the pre-frail group versus 49.2% in the frail group. Univariable regression analysis demonstrated that frailty, prior surgical excision, and cumulative tumor volume predicted PFS. Conclusion Frailty, as assessed by the mFI-5, did not independently predict OS but did predict PFS in individuals with meningioma undergoing SRS.