Visible-Light-Antenna Ligand-Enabled Samarium-Catalyzed Reductive Transformations

Although divalent Sm reagents are some of the most important single-electron transfer reagents for reductive transformations, their catalytic applications are challenging. In this study, a bidentate phosphine oxide ligand substituted with 9,10-diphenylanthracene as a visible-light antenna was designed for Sm-catalyzed reduction reactions under mild reaction conditions. Pinacol coupling of aryl ketones and aldehydes was developed with 1 mol % of Sm catalyst and organic amine (DIPEA) as a sacrificial mild reductant. Mechanistic studies suggest that the visible-light-antenna ligand coordinates to Sm(III) and reduces Sm(III) to Sm(II) under visible-light irradiation. The catalytic system is also applicable for cross-pinacol coupling and other single-electron reductive transformations, including aza-pinacol coupling, flavone dimerization, C-O bond cleavage, C-C ring-opening of cyclopropane, ketyl-olefin coupling, and cross-coupling of the ketyl radical with the α-amino radical.