Risk Prediction Models for Frailty in Adult Maintenance Haemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Methodological Appraisal

While models demonstrate initial predictive utility, widespread bias and developmental-stage limitations hinder clinical application. Future research must prioritise TRIPOD-guided model development, emphasising large prospective cohorts, rigorous validation, and transparent reporting to enhance reliability and clinical utility in frailty risk stratification for MHD patients.