Effects of particle size reduction combined with β-cyclodextrin on the in vitro dissolution and in vivo relative bioavailability of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng

experiments; in contrast, the deglycosylation states of PPT-type ginsenosides varied, which might be attributed to the relatively low abundance, glycosylation linkage, and potential involvement of the gut microbiota metabolism. Conclusively, ultrafine milling combined with a dispersant provides a simple and scalable manufacturing process that can effectively improve the bioavailability of ginseng products.