Biotechnique for nitrogen and phosphorus removal: a possible insight

The increasing concentration of nutrient compounds such as nitrogen and phosphorus in effluents causes eutrophication results in rapid growing algae that encouraged a simultaneously decrease in the amount of dissolved O2 and causes harmful effects on the aquatic ecosystem, which leads to the killing of fish, depletion of flora and fauna to water bodies. Nitrogen and Phosphorus work like a hazardous nutrient compound causing acidification of the soil, acid rainfall, eutrophication, and toxicity. The abundance of nitrogen decreases the level of other minerals and imbalances toxic elements such as aluminium which can spread and cause harm to plants and also fish in rivers. The primary mechanisms of removal, treatment and process are described elaborately in this work. This paper highlighting the different techniques, such as whole cells-based removal, immobilisation-based methods, photobioreactor, Bio-CAST-based technology, pilot-scale biological nutrient removal technology, bio-electrochemical system, membrane bioreactor, enhanced allure-type biological system, fresh and marine water microalgae biomass, hetero-photoautotrophic two-stage cultivation, sequential adaptation, deceleration-stat technique and their removal efficiency, are discussed in detail separately. Therefore, suitable economical and optimized methods are needed globally to maintain a balanced nutrient level. This work describes the key issues related to the nitrogen and phosphorus recovery.