Silymarin for Treating Toxic Liver Disease: International Consensus Recommendations

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a leading health problem impacting the quality of life globally. China shares a major global burden of CLD—including alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, and drug-induced liver injury, except for chronic viral hepatitis. Several exogenous toxins or endogenous metabolic insults trigger hepatic pathology toward steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, which, if left untreated, may culminate in liver cirrhosis. Oxidative stress is a common pathomechanism underlying all phenotypes of toxic liver injury; thus, these may be brought under a unified entity, viz. toxic liver disease (TLD). Therefore, a common strategy to treat TLD is to use antioxidants as hepatoprotective agents. The cornerstone for treating fatty liver disease is lifestyle modification, diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy, along with the limited use of pharmacological agents. Available preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that silymarin is a hepatoprotective agent with established antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic effects. An international expert panel of clinicians was convened to discuss combining alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, and liver cirrhosis under the single definition of TLD, based on the shared pathologic mechanism of oxidative stress. The panel highlighted the significance of silymarin as an antioxidant treatment for TLD. Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a leading health problem impacting the quality of life globally. China shares a major global burden of CLD—including alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, and drug-induced liver injury, except for chronic viral hepatitis. Several exogenous toxins or endogenous metabolic insults trigger hepatic pathology toward steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, which, if left untreated, may culminate in liver cirrhosis. Oxidative stress is a common pathomechanism underlying all phenotypes of toxic liver injury; thus, these may be brought under a unified entity, viz. toxic liver disease (TLD). Therefore, a common strategy to treat TLD is to use antioxidants as hepatoprotective agents. The cornerstone for treating fatty liver disease is lifestyle modification, diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy, along with the limited use of pharmacological agents. Available preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that silymarin is a hepatoprotective agent with established antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic effects. An international expert panel of clinicians was convened to discuss combining alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, and liver cirrhosis under the single definition of TLD, based on the shared pathologic mechanism of oxidative stress. The panel highlighted the significance of silymarin as an antioxidant treatment for TLD.