Saffron nephroprotective effects against medications and toxins: A review of preclinical data.

studies up to the date of publication were included. Promising protective effects were reported particularly on aminoglycosides, cisplatin, and ethanol. Saffron and its constituents significantly prevented biochemical and histopathological changes, mediating via antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite success in animal models, no human study is available in this field and further well-designed clinical trials are necessary for better judgment.