Mineralization enhancement of a recalcitrant pharmaceutical pollutant in water by advanced oxidation hybrid processes

Degradation of the biorecalcitrant pharmaceutical micropollutant ibuprofen (IBP) was carried out by means of several advanced oxidation hybrid configurations. TiO(2) photocatalysis, photo-Fenton and sonolysis - all of them under solar simulated illumination - were tested in the hybrid systems: sonophoto-Fenton (FS), sonophotocatalysis (TS) and TiO(2)/Fe(2+)/sonolysis (TFS). In the case of the sonophoto-Fenton process, the IBP degradation (95%) and mineralization (60%) were attained with photo-Fenton (FH). The presence of ultrasonic irradiation slightly improves the iron catalytic activity. On the other hand, total removal of IBP and elimination of more than 50% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were observed by photocatalysis with TiO(2) in the presence of ultrasound irradiation (TS). In contrast only 26% of mineralization was observed by photocatalysis with H(2)O(2) (TH) in the absence of ultrasound irradiation. Additional results showed that, in the TFS system, 92% of DOC removal and complete degradation of IBP were obtained within 240 min of treatment. The advanced oxidation hybrid systems seems to be a promising alternative for full elimination/mineralization for the recalcitrant micro-contaminant IBP.