Immunotherapy in Type 1 Diabetes: Emerging Therapies and Future Directions

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disordermarked by the destruction of insulin-producingpancreatic beta-cells. While insulin therapy remains thestandard of care, advancements in immunotherapypresent promising alternatives aimed at halting diseaseprogression and reducing insulin dependence. This briefreview highlights key immunomodulatory therapies,including teplizumab, which has demonstrated the abilityto delay the onset of T1D, and rituximab, known forpreserving beta-cell function, though its effects tend to betransient. Emerging treatments, such as stem-celltherapies, also show potential. However, significantchallenges remain, including high costs, long-term safetyconcerns, and the need for personalized care. As thistherapeutic landscape evolves, further research is criticalto optimizing these strategies and moving closer to apotential cure for T1D.Keywords: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmunity,immunotherapy, anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody,teplizumab,