Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and tumor necrosis factor-α promotes osteoclast differentiation through the exosomes of inflammatory periodontal ligament stem cells.

Pathological bone resorption is common in chronic periodontitis. However, the effect of exosomes (Exo) secreted by periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) on bone resorption is unclear. This study explored the Exo of inflammatory PDLSCs, their protein components, and their effects on osteoclast differentiation.