Large-scale manufacturing of solid-state electrolytes: Challenges, progress, and prospects

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are vital components in solid-state lithium batteries, which hold significant promise for energy storage applications. This review provides an overview of solid-state batteries (SSBs) and discusses the classification of electrolytes, with a focus on the challenges associated with oxide- and sulphide-based SSEs, particularly concerning interfaces and chemical stability. This review also explores methods employed to form and sinter SSEs in large-scale manufacturing, including both established and novel techniques for producing dense oxide- and sulphide-based films. Additionally, the potential application of additive manufacturing (AM) in SSE production is discussed. Lastly, the paper summarises the mass manufacturing of SSEs and provides an outlook for sustainable SSB development goals. The insights presented in this review contribute to the understanding and progress of SSE technology for solid-state lithium batteries.