Elucidating Interfacial Charge-Transfer Dynamics of Ti3C2Tx Electrodes via Advanced Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) Analysis

This study employs Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) analysis to elucidate the electrochemical charge dynamics within Ti3C2Tx MXene-based electrodes. Comprehensive electrochemical characterizations, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were systematically conducted in various electrolytes (H2SO4, Na2SO4, and KOH) and on multiple substrates (fluorine-doped tin oxide, carbon paper, and nickel foam) to evaluate charge storage mechanisms. Through DRT analysis, distinct electron-ion transport dynamics and relaxation processes were effectively differentiated, providing deeper insight into electrolyte-substrate interactions. Results demonstrated that acidic electrolytes (H2SO4) significantly enhanced charge transfer kinetics, while highly porous substrates (nickel foam and carbon paper) improved capacitive behavior. The DRT analysis specifically identified dominant charge-transfer peaks and clarified kinetic limitations, revealing slower dynamics at higher potentials, particularly in Na2SO4. Overall, this study underscores the capability of DRT analysis to systematically unravel complex electrochemical phenomena, highlighting its importance for optimizing MXene-based energy storage systems.