Recent immobilization techniques for ketoreductases: Its design and their industrial application

In the realm of sustainable chemistry, numerous industries favor bio-based approaches for fine chemical synthesis. Enzymes are deemed as environmentally friendly tools for producing vital pharmaceutical compounds. Despite their inherent low stability, immobilization techniques offer a remedy, enhancing enzyme stability and enabling multiple recyclings, thereby reducing overall process costs. This thorough review explores recent advancements in immobilization methods for ketoreductases (KREDs), specifically emphasizing their applications in industrial settings and their potential in eco-friendly chemistry. KREDs are pivotal in sustainable biocatalysis, especially in pharmaceutical and fine chemical manufacturing. The manuscript addresses challenges in traditional synthesis methods, emphasizing the advantages of biocatalysis for sustainability. Techniques like entrapment and cross-linked enzyme aggregates are scrutinized for their profound impacts on stability, recyclability, and overall efficiency. The review explores the adaptable traits of immobilized KREDs under diverse conditions, showcasing their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and fine chemicals. Anticipated future developments underscore the essential role of immobilization methods in progressing industrial biocatalysis. Furthermore, the manuscript emphasizes the importance of cofactor recycling using enzymes, providing cutting-edge examples and summarizing future outlooks while addressing primary challenges associated with immobilized enzymes.