Towards closed-loop transcranial electrical stimulation: a comparison of methods for real time tES-EEG artefact removal using a phantom head model

Introduction: To date most studies investigating electroencephalogram (EEG) with transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) have been limited to comparing EEG before/after stimulation. Although methods are now available for tACS-artefact removal, to develop closed-loop stimulation protocols these algorithms need to be reformed to operate in real-time. We present a comparison of existing artefact removal procedures implemented in real-time to determine their suitability for use in closed-loop stimulations, adjusting the stimulation parameters to match ongoing EEG activity.