An ‘enhancement-tandem effect’ induced by the ‘P vacancy–Cr dopant structure’ for optimizing the energy barrier and reaction pathway for alkaline HER

Cr–NiPv/IF with a ‘Pv–Cr dopant structure’ was innovatively constructed using a ‘phosphorization-quenching’ technique. Under the effect of the ‘Pv–Cr dopant composite structure’, Cr–NiPv/IF only requires 240 mV to deliver 1 A cm −2 for alkaline HER.