Statistical Methods in Aging Research: Improving Current Practices and Embracing Emerging Approaches

Aging research relies on varied statistical methods, and applying these methods appropriately is important for scientific rigor. However, proper use of these statistical techniques is a challenge. We discuss two categories of statistical methods in aging research: ( a ) emerging methods requiring further validation, including techniques to examine compression of morbidity, maximum lifespan, immortal time bias, molecular aging clocks, and treatment response heterogeneity, and ( b ) classic and existing methods needing reconsideration and improvement, such as stepwise regression, generalized linear models, methods for accounting for clustering and nesting effects, methods for testing for group differences, methods for mediation and moderation analyses, and nonlinear models. For each method, we review its relevance to aging research, highlight statistical issues, and suggest improvements or alternatives with examples from aging research. We urge researchers to refine traditional approaches and embrace emerging methods tailored to the unique challenges of aging research. This review will help researchers identify and apply sound statistical methods, thereby improving statistical rigor in aging research.