State of the art advancements in sonodynamic therapy (SDT): Metal-Organic frameworks for SDT

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising cancer therapy due to its noninvasiveness, negligible side effects, and deep tissue penetration. However, the effect of SDT is significantly compromised by the tumor hypoxic microenvironment and the low bioavailability of sonosensitizers, and the tumor inhibition efficiency is far from the expected effect in vivo. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable attention in the biomedical and energy fields in recent years thanks to their many interesting tunable physicochemical properties. Especially, MOFs can be used as a powerful and versatile toolbox to address the bottlenecks faced by SDT. In the past few years, MOFs-based SDT have achieved many encouraging results because of the great potential of MOFs, and the number of associated research works has grown exponentially in this emerging field. Therefore, we strive to provide a timely review thoroughly summarizing the progress of MOFs-based SDT, and to improve further development of this exciting SDT field. In this paper, we comprehensively review, and analysis various solutions adopted by MOFs to overcome the problems of SDT, including MOFs as super-efficient sonosensitizer carriers, metal ion-optimized MOFs to enhance SDT, MOFs as multifunctional platforms for synergistic therapy, and MOFs as templates to prepare efficient nano-sonosensitizers. Finally, we discuss the prospects and difficulties for clinical translation of MOFs-based SDT.