A novel air‐stable O3‐type layered oxide cathode material with low Ni content for sodium‐ion batteries

A novel O3-NaMn0.42Fe0.42Ni0.17O2 cathode material for sodium-ion batteries is synthesized, for the first time, by a co-precipitation method followed by solid-state reaction. The effect of Ni2+, Cu2+ and Ca2+ substitution for Mn4+ and Fe3+ on the structural stability, rate capability and cycling performance of the cathode material are examined. Chemical titration results and powder X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the substitution of Ni2+, Cu2+ and Ca2+ for Fe3+ and Mn4+ can inhibit the reaction of Na+ ions in the structure of O3-NaMn0.33Fe0.33Ni0.21Cu0.08Ca0.04O2 with air. The Ni2+, Cu2+ and Ca2+-substituted O3-NaMn0.33Fe0.33Ni0.21Cu0.08Ca0.04O2 cathode material show a higher capacity and better cycling stability than that of O3-NaMn0.42Fe0.42Ni0.17O2, indicating that a small amount of Ni2+, Cu2+ and Ca2+ substitution can improve the structure/air stability and the electrochemical performance. When O3-NaMn0.33Fe0.33Ni0.21Cu0.08Ca0.04O2 cathode material is combined with the hard carbon anode, a full cell gives 220 Wh kg(-1) energy density and 100% capacity retention after 56 charge/discharge cycles at 0.5C. The O3-NaMn0.33Fe0.33Ni0.21Cu0.08Ca0.04O2 can be thought of as a potential cathode active material to encourage progress toward sodium-ion battery commercialization due to the high industrial applicability of the synthesis process and good electrochemical performance. Prime Novelty Statement A novel O3-NaMn0.42Fe0.42Ni0.17O2 cathode material for sod um on batter es is synthesized for the first time by a co-precipitation method with subsequent solid-state reaction. The substitution of Ni2+, Cu2+ and Ca2+ for Fe3+ and Mn4+ improves the air stability and electrochemical performance of O3-NaMn0.33Fe0.33Ni0.21Cu0.08Ca0.04O2 cathode material. When O3-NaMn0.33Fe0.33Ni0.21Cu0.08Ca0.04O2 cathode material couples with the hard carbon anode, a full cell gives an energy density of 220 Wh kg(-1) and the capacity retention of 100% after 56 charge/discharge cycles.