Artificial intelligence in urology

The chapter reviews the current state of AI application in the field of urology and the role AI can play in assisting clinicians across various urologic subspecialities including urologic oncology, endourology, and andrology. The application of AI within urology thus far is summarized, and current examples of AI implementation within the field are provided encompassing the diagnosis of urological disease, the prediction of outcomes following urologic intervention, and the assessment of surgical performance/skill. The challenges to the widespread use and adoption of AI applications in urology are highlighted, including the paucity of multiinstitutional studies, a lack of understanding of the “science behind AI” amongst clinicians, and a significant cost associated with AI-related technologies. Finally, the future directions of AI application in urology are suggested.