Quantum Safe Proxy Blind Signature Protocol Based on 3D Entangled GHZ‐Type States

ABSTRACT As quantum technology advances, classical digital signatures exhibit vulnerabilities in preserving security properties during the transmission of information. Working toward a reliable communication protocol, we introduce a proxy blind signature scheme to teleport a single particle qubit state with a message to the receiver, employing a three qubit GHZ entangled state. The blindness property is utilized to secure the message information from the proxy signer. A trusted party, Trent, is introduced to supervise the communication process. Alice blinds the original message and sends the Bell measurements with her entangled particle to proxy signer Charlie. After receiving measurements from Alice and Charlie, Bob verifies the proxy blind signature and performs appropriate unitary operations on his particle. Thereafter, Trent verifies the security of the quantum teleportation setup by matching the output data with the original data sent by Alice. Security analysis results prove that the proposed scheme fulfils the basic security necessities, including undeniability, unforgeability, blindness, verifiability, and traceability.