Practical, sustainable, wide-temperature-adaptable zinc-metal batteries enabled by electrogelated recyclable biomacromolecular hydrogel electrolytes

and a practical negative-to-positive capacity ratio of 1.1 retains 70% of its initial capacity after 120 cycles. We quantitatively show the respectable recyclability, low environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness of our biomacromolecular hydrogel electrolytes by integrating experimental study, life-cycle assessment, and techno-economic analysis, thereby opening the door for research on more sustainable Zn-metal batteries and beyond.