The Demand for Nuclear Power in Deep-Sea Resource Development: A Scenario-Based Analysis

Abstract Nuclear energy's high-density, enduring power offers key solutions for deep-sea development's energy challenges in extreme marine conditions. This paper systematically introduces the current applications of marine nuclear-powered equipment in the civilian sector, which are primarily reflected in nuclear-powered merchant ships and icebreakers. Three key insights were identified by analyzing the technical parameters of deep-sea resource development equipment and the current state of small modular reactor (SMR) and nuclear battery technology: First, deep-sea resource development equipment has high power demands and energy consumption, making energy supply challenging for offshore operations. Second, SMRs and nuclear batteries can provide ships with stable and continuous power output and propulsion. Third, the successful application of SMRs and nuclear batteries in deep-sea resource development equipment depends on optimizing regulatory frameworks, achieving technological maturity, and enhancing public acceptance. However, several challenges remain, including those related to nuclear battery technology, SMR technology, nuclear energy policy, and public acceptance. Finally, in response to the existing technological bottlenecks, the paper suggests measures such as optimizing energy conversion efficiency, improving safety regulatory frameworks, and enhancing public understanding and acceptance to facilitate the effective application of nuclear energy in deep-sea resource development.