Quantification approaches for magnetic resonance imaging following intravenous gadolinium injection: A window into brain‐wide glymphatic function

Abstract The glymphatic system is a brain‐wide network of perivascular pathways along which cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid rapidly exchange, facilitating solute and waste clearance from the brain parenchyma. The characterization of this exchange process in humans has relied primarily upon serial magnetic resonance imaging following intrathecal gadolinium‐based contrast agent injection. However, less invasive approaches are needed. Here, we administered a gadolinium‐based contrast agent intravenously in eight healthy participants and acquired magnetic resonance imaging scans prior to and 30, 90, 180, and 360 min post contrast injection. Using a region‐of‐interest approach, we observed that peripheral tissues and blood vessels exhibited high enhancement at 30 min after contrast administration, likely reflecting vascular and peripheral interstitial distribution of the gadolinium‐based contrast agent. Ventricular, grey matter and white matter enhancement peaked at 90 min, declining thereafter. Using k‐means clustering, we identify distinct distribution volumes reflecting the leptomeningeal perivascular network, superficial grey matter and deep grey/white matter that exhibit a sequential enhancement pattern consistent with parenchymal contrast enhancement via the subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid compartment. We also outline the importance of correcting for (otherwise automatic) autoscaling of signal intensities, which could potentially lead to misinterpretation of gadolinium‐based contrast agent distribution kinetics. In summary, we visualize and quantify delayed tissue enhancement following intravenous administration of gadolinium‐based contrast agent in healthy human participants.