Efficient Delivery of siRNA via Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids: Inflammation Attenuation and Matrix Regeneration in Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is the most common and severe subtype of temporomandibular disease characterized by inflammation and cartilage matrix degradation. Compared with traditional conservative treatment, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have emerged as a more efficient gene-targeted therapeutic tool for TMJOA treatment. Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor orchestrating the inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of TMJOA. Employing siRNA-NF-κB could theoretically control the development of TMJOA. However, the clinical applications of siRNA-NF-κB are limited by its structural instability, poor cellular uptake, and short TMJ retention. To overcome these shortcomings, we developed a tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA) system carrying siRNA-NF-κB, named Tsi. The results indicated that Tsi exhibited excellent structural stability and excellent cellular uptake efficiency. It also demonstrated a superior NF-κB silencing effect over siRNA alone, attenuating the activation of NF-κB and upregulating the NRF2/HO-1 pathway. This system effectively reduced the release of inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis. In vivo, Tsi displayed enhanced TMJ retention capacity in comparison to siRNA alone and offered significant protective effects on both the cartilage matrix and subchondral bone, presenting a promising approach for TMJOA treatment.