This chapter contains sections titled: Background Anti-Counterfeiting Organisations Definition of a Counterfeit Product Counterfeit Product Spectroscopic Analysis Case Studies Using Mid-infrared, Raman and Near-infrared Spectroscopies and NIR Multispectral Imaging Case Study I: Counterfeit Clothing Case Study II: Counterfeit Aftershave Case Study III: Counterfeit Medicines Case Study IV: Counterfeit Product Packaging Case Study V: Counterfeit Royal Mail First Class Stamps Case Study VI: Counterfeit Bank of England Banknotes Conclusion References