Brain Structure Deviations in Patients with Parkinson Disease without Dementia Using Normative Modeling

Cortical changes in PD without dementia are highly heterogeneous, with nearly half of the cortical regions showing negative deviations while the rest exhibit preservation. Global structural alterations include negative deviations in gray matter, positive deviations in CSF, and no deviation in WMV. Thinner cortical thickness may reflect more severe gait freezing.