Procyanidin B2 Attenuates Pathologic Cardiac Fibrosis and Inflammation: Role of PPARγ

ABSTRACT: Procyanidin B2 (PB2) is a prominent procyanidin isomer. Its effects and mechanisms in cardiac remodeling are not fully understood. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) plays a crucial role in regulating cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation. This study aims to investigate the effect of PB2 on pathologic cardiac fibrosis and inflammation, focusing on the underlying mechanisms involving PPAR-γ. In vitro, cardiac fibrosis was induced in cardiac fibroblasts using angiotensin II. In vivo, a mouse model of pathologic cardiac fibrosis was generated through transverse aortic constriction to induce pressure overload. We found that PB2 inhibited proliferation, differentiation, collagen accumulation, and the NF-κB inflammation pathway in cardiac fibroblasts triggered by angiotensin II. These inhibitory effects were negated by the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 and RNA interference. In addition, PB2 directly elevated PPAR-γ expression in cardiac fibroblasts. Similarly, PB2 alleviated transverse aortic constriction-induced cardiac dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, and inflammation in mice. These cardioprotective effects of PB2 in vivo were counteracted by coadministration with GW9662. Correspondingly, the upregulation of PPAR-γ protein expression by PB2 in pressure-overloaded hearts was also counteracted by GW9662 coadministration. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PB2 exerts protective effects against pathologic cardiac fibrosis and inflammation through a PPAR-γ-dependent mechanism.