In vivo Optical Coherence Elastography Unveils Spatial Variation of Human Corneal Stiffness

The mechanical properties of corneal tissues play a crucial role in determining corneal shape and have significant implications in vision care. This study aimed to address the challenge of obtaining accurate in vivo data for the human cornea.We have developed a high-frequency optical coherence elastography (OCE) technique using shear-like antisymmetric (A0)-mode Lamb waves at frequencies above 10 kHz.By incorporating an anisotropic, nonlinear constitutive model and utilizing the acoustoelastic theory, we gained quantitative insights into the influence of corneal tension on wave speeds and elastic moduli. Our study revealed significant spatial variations in the shear modulus of the corneal stroma on healthy subjects for the first time. Over an age span from 21 to 34 (N = 6), the central corneas exhibited a mean shear modulus of 87 kPa, while the corneal periphery showed a significant decrease to 44 kPa. The central cornea's shear modulus decreases with age with a slope of -19 +/- 8 kPa per decade, whereas the periphery showed non-significant age dependence. The limbus demonstrated an increased shear modulus exceeding 100 kPa. We obtained wave displacement profiles that are consistent with highly anisotropic corneal tissues.Our approach enabled precise measurement of corneal tissue elastic moduli in situ with high precision (< 7%) and high spatial resolution (< 1 mm). Our results revealed significant stiffness variation from the central to peripheral corneas.The high-frequency OCE technique holds promise for biomechanical evaluation in clinical settings, providing valuable information for refractive surgeries, degenerative disorder diagnoses, and intraocular pressure assessments.