Associations that Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Mass Index Loss Have with Deficit Accumulation Frailty

ABSTRACT Introduction/Purpose Lower cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity may accelerate aging processes. The degree to which changes in fitness and body mass index (BMI) may alter the rate of aging may be important for planning treatment. We assessed cross-sectional and longitudinal associations that cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI had with a deficit accumulation frailty index (FI). Methods Fitness, based on standardized graded exercise tests, and weight to calculate BMI at baseline and year 4 were collected from 3944 participants aged 45–76 yr in the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) randomized controlled clinical trial. A validated 38-item deficit accumulation FI was used as a marker of aging. Associations between baseline and changes in fitness and BMI with changes in FI were assessed using linear models. Results Both baseline and 4-yr changes in fitness and BMI were independently associated with 4-yr changes in frailty (all P < 0.001). Mean (95% confidence interval) changes in FI ranged from −0.019 (−0.024, −0.013) for participants in the group with the greatest fitness increase and BMI loss to 0.029 (0.024, 0.034) for participants in the group with the greatest fitness loss and BMI gain. Associations of 4-yr changes in fitness and BMI with FI changes were similar across subgroups based on age, sex, baseline BMI, diabetes duration, and cardiovascular disease history. Increased fitness across 4 yr was associated with less FI accumulation independent of baseline fitness. Conclusions Adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity may slow aging processes captured by an FI by increasing their cardiorespiratory fitness and losing weight.