Trends in nanomaterial types, synthesis methods, properties and uses: Toxicity, environmental concerns and economic viability

Nanoscience is the study of structures and materials at the nanoscale (1–100 nm), as the chemical and physical properties of matter change at the nano level. Research and innovations in the field of nanoscience have garnered high attention, especially following the invention of various spectroscopic techniques. Nanoscience assists spectroscopic techniques in enhancing their precision by providing sensitive fine materials and surfaces, while spectroscopic techniques aid in the development of nanoscience by offering more in-depth information. Thus, the design of nanomaterials with high surface areas and selected functionality can be achieved through specific chemical reactions. Several types of nanomaterials can be prepared, including advanced nanomaterials and smart materials. This review briefly deliberates on advances in nanoscience and selected advanced nanomaterials, covering their synthesis, properties and development. The review explores various recently produced nanomaterials, such as smart materials, MXenes, metal-organic frameworks, hybrids, carbon nanostructures and layered double hydroxides. It serves as a tutorial for readers interested in staying informed about the latest developments in nanomaterial research.