The preliminary exploration of immune microenvironment in oral leukoplakia concomitant with oral submucosal fibrosis: A comparative immunohistochemical study

Abstract Background Oral leukoplakia concomitant with oral submucous fibrosis is a high‐risk oral potentially malignant disorder, but little is known about its immune microenvironment. Methods Thirty samples of oral leukoplakia concomitant with oral submucous fibrosis, 30 oral leukoplakia samples, and 30 oral submucous fibrosis samples were collected from two hospitals. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze expression of T cell biomarkers [CD3, CD4, CD8, and Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)], a B cell biomarker (CD20), macrophage biomarkers (CD68 and CD163), an immune inhibitory receptor ligand (PD‐L1), and Ki‐67. Results The numbers of CD3 + ( p < 0.001), CD4 + ( p = 0.018), and CD8 + ( p = 0.031) cells in oral leukoplakia concomitant with oral submucous fibrosis were less than those in oral leukoplakia. The number of CD4 + cells ( p = 0.035) in oral leukoplakia concomitant with oral leukoplakia was higher than that in oral submucous fibrosis. More CD3 + ( p < 0.001), CD4 + ( p < 0.001), Foxp3 + ( p = 0.019), and CD163 + ( p = 0.029) cells were found in oral leukoplakia than in oral submucous fibrosis. Conclusion Various levels of immune infiltration were observed among oral leukoplakia concomitant with oral submucous fibrosis, oral leukoplakia, and oral submucous fibrosis. Characterization of the immune microenvironment may contribute to personalized immunotherapy.