Single-atom catalysts for next-generation rechargeable batteries and fuel cells

The worldwide emission of greenhouse gasses combined with the lessening of crude oils is passionate about the research on sustainable energy conversion and storage devices. Further, the fast evolution of flexible and wearable opto-electronic systems, superior reliability, and ultra-long cycling lives of energy storage devices are of great importance. The poor kinetics of small reactions involved in next-generation energy devices are the main obstacles. The required electrode materials for these devices are emerging tasks for the betterment of these devices. Currently, single-atom catalysts (SACs) have gained pronounced interest as emerging and potential applicants as electrode materials for fruitful results. Herein, we have discussed the recent design principles for the fabrication of SACs for rechargeable batteries (Metal-air battery (Metal = Zn, Al, Li), Metal-sulfur battery, (Metal = Na, Li) and Metal-CO2 battery (Metal = Zn, Li)) and fuel cells. Then, we have summarized the recent advances in assembling and performance of these batteries using SACs as electrode materials. Finally, we have elucidated the role of SACs to resolve the bottle-neck problems of these next-generation energy storage systems. Following the discussion on short-comings and comprehensive future perspectives.