Comparative Analysis of the Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of two Medicinal Plants: Arctium Lappa and A. Tomentosum

Abstract Backguound : Mitochondrial genome sequence analysis is of great significance for understanding the evolution and genome structure of different plant species. Arctium lappa and A. tomentosum are distributed in China and frequently used as medicinal plants. People usually think A. tomentosum is an adulterant or substitute of A. lappa as a traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It is therefore critically important to identify the different species that are utilized in medicinal applications. This study aims to determine and compare their mitochondrial genomes, gene structure, and phylogenetic relationship. These results may provide additional insights into development of genetic research. Results : We determined the complete sequences of the mitochondrial genomes of A. lappa and A. tomentosum for the first time. The mitochondrial genomes of A. lappa and A. tomentosum were assembled into 2 single circular molecules of 312598 bp and 312609 bp, respectively. A total of 131 and 130 genes were annotated in two plants. 50 pairs of large repeat sequences were detected in A. lappa and A. tomentosum . The number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in both species was 192 while the total length of SSR was 2491 bp for A. lappa and 2489 bp for A. tomentosum . Only 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 3 insertion-deletions (InDels) were detected between the two plants. The two mitochondrial genome structures were highly similar and highly collinear. Both of the chloroplast genomes and mitochondrial genomes of the two plants had the phenomenon of gene exchange and transfer. Core genes and specific genes were analyzed for A. lappa and A. tomentosum and three closely related Asteraceae species, the specific gene of A. lappa was orf115a . In addition, a phylogenetic tree of the mitochondrial genomes were constructed, which laced the two Arctium species into one branch within Asteraceae. Conclusions : We identified and analyzed the mitochondrial genome features of two species of Arctium in China with implications for species identification and phylogenetic analysis. The mitochondrial genomes of A. lappa and A. tomentosum were very similar in size and structure. The ORF genes of the two were different, which could provide a theoretical basis for the development of molecular markers.