Carbon dots and gold nanoclusters assisted construction of a ratiometric fluorescent biosensor for detection of Gram-negative bacteria

A core-satellite nanocomposite was prepared by encapsulating the photostable blue carbon dots (BCDs) in the core of silica as the reference signal readout, and the target-sensitive gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) covalently linked to the surface of silica as the respond signal readout. The nanocomposite (BCD@SiO2@AuNC) was used as a ratiometric fluorescent sensor to realize the selective detection of Gram-negative bacteria. The detection principle was based on the quenching of Cu2+ toward AuNCs and the reduction of Gram-negative bacteria toward Cu2+. The sensor exhibited good selectivity toward Gram-negative bacteria owing to the copper-homeostasis mechanism possessed by the bacteria. The sensor demonstrated linear response to the logarithm concentration of Gram-negative bacteria with determination coefficients higher than 0.912. The feasibility of the sensor was verified by analysis of Gram-negative bacteria in eggshell, swimming pool water, as well as Chinese cabbage samples with recoveries ranging from 93.9% to 109%.