Perspectives on the translation of in-vitro studies to precision medicine in Cystic Fibrosis

Recent strides towards precision medicine in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) have been made possible by patient-derived in-vitro assays with the potential to predict clinical response to small molecule-based therapies. Here, we discuss the status of primary and stem-cell derived tissues used to evaluate the preclinical efficacy of CFTR modulators highlighting both their potential and limitations. Validation of these assays requires correlation of in-vitro responses to in-vivo measures of clinical biomarkers of disease outcomes. While initial efforts have shown some success, this translation requires methodologies that are sensitive enough to capture treatment responses in a CF population that now predominantly has mild lung disease. Future development of in-vitro and in-vivo biomarkers will facilitate the generation of new therapeutics particularly for those patients with rare mutations where clinical trials are not feasible so that in the future every CF patient will have access to effective targeted therapies.